Here’s a very interesting article by the South African Institute of International Affairs that examines the many different types of resource nationalism.  This is part of a growing discourse that looks to encourage and normalize expropriation, heightening risks for foreign investors.

For instance, whereas Canada’s refusal to allow Malaysia’s Petronas to buy Progress Energy Resources Corporation has been termed ‘soft resource nationalism’, Africa’s efforts are regarded as ‘hardcore nationalism’. The radical changes required in the regulatory framework to bring this sector into compliance with international corporate standards contribute to this perception. In the West, because of the strength of regulatory, business and environmental frameworks, incremental changes suffice to cater for the protection of national interests. Just like African governments, Canada’s federal government reviews all big foreign acquisitions to ensure desirable “net benefits” to the country’s economy.