Disaggregating EU Energy Policy, Both Old and New Members

Many times in the past I have written and spoken about the Kremlin’s energy strategy, which is composed of elements of disaggregation, cooptation, and asymmetry. In Friday’s Moscow Times, the excellent academic Janusz Bugajski has a piece which underscores the concept of disaggregation, citing the examples of establishing distribution points (or lack thereof) in Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria to create strategic conflicts in the European Union. File this one under required reading.

Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány turned his back on the EU

Influence Far Abroad By Janusz Bugajski Recent developments revolving around energy supplies and the future of Kosovo demonstrate how an emboldened Russia is intent on dominating the European agenda. Moscow’s strategy toward the European Union consists of three core elements: disrupting EU consensus; gaining influence over key states; and preventing any further NATO or EU expansion. In his landmark speech at the Munich security conference in February, President Vladimir Putin spelled out his priorities: to diminish the effectiveness of international organizations that obstruct Moscow’s expansionist ambitions and to restore Russia’s stature as a global power. Centralized control over growing energy revenues has enabled the Kremlin to accelerate the pursuit of these objectives. Moscow greatly benefits from the absence of a coherent EU policy toward Russia. Formal mechanisms exist to regulate relations, but these have limited impact as long as member states can’t agree on the details, as illustrated by the failure to renew the EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Policy differences are most visible between newcomers to the EU in Eastern Europe and the French, German and Italian governments. While the former are fearful of Russia’s resurgence and therefore prefer limiting the Kremlin’s influence, the latter three are apprehensive about provoking disputes with Moscow. For Paris, Berlin and Rome, commercial pragmatism prevails over geo-strategic calculations, thus reducing the effectiveness of any joint EU approach. For Moscow, increasing energy supplies and business inroads, especially in strategic infrastructures, will expand its political influence in key EU capitals. Conversely, Europe’s growing energy dependence on Russia will undermine any unified response to Moscow’s policies. There are several telling examples of how Russia exploits EU divisions to its advantage. The planned Nord Stream pipeline under the Baltic Sea, contracted between Russia and Germany without an EU consensus, epitomizes Russia’s approach. Nord Stream serves four objectives: to limit Russia’s reliance on transit across Central Europe; to deepen West European dependence on Russia; to generate disputes between Germany and Poland; and to marginalize the Poles and Baltics within the EU by depicting them as incorrigible Russophobes. The Kremlin not only manipulates divisions between older and newer members. It also aims to forestall any common policy among EU newcomers. Hungary and Bulgaria have become the primary targets among former Soviet satellites. The Kremlin is capitalizing on long-standing personal connections with Socialist officials in these countries to construct pipelines and distribution points that will pre-empt Europe’s energy diversification. Hungary’s Socialist government has reportedly decided to support the extension of Gazprom’s Blue Stream pipeline through Turkey to supply Caspian gas under Russia’s control to the EU. If implemented, the project may scuttle the EU’s planned Nabucco pipeline, viewed as essential in avoiding overdependence on Russian-controlled gas. Financial windfalls have lured Budapest, as Moscow promises to transform Hungary into a European hub for Caspian gas. In the Balkans, the Kremlin is extending its control over Bulgarian and Greek energy infrastructures and thereby weaving another web to entangle the EU. In mid-March, the Bulgarian and Greek prime ministers signed an agreement with Putin to launch the Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline project. A Russian consortium, including Gazprom, will hold a 51 percent stake in the pipeline, with Bulgaria and Greece sharing the remaining 49 percent. Once again, the goal is to make alternative routes and supplies redundant as Russia intensifies its control over Europe’s energy needs. As the Bosporus is congested with tanker traffic, various proposals have been tabled to supply oil across the Balkans to the EU. The Kremlin supports the Bulgarian-Greek route as it calculates that Sofia and Athens will prove more politically reliable than other Balkan capitals.

Read the complete article here.